Welcome and overview (Lyman Thorsteinson, Michael Shulters)

Lyman:

·        Need to link upper and lower basin. 

·        Need for technical review committee for understanding of policy and management roles. 

·        Need for commitment to a process that evaluates information and that sets priorities for future direction. 

Fed, state and Tribal Perspectives (Lyman T, Mike Shulters)

DOI perspective (Bill Bettenberg)

He listed all of the interests and projects in the basin.  DOI has a strong commitment to resolve issues on the basis of science.  Mentioned cabinet work group and a lot of money being spent in the basin.  Mentioned NAS report and the need for good science.  DOI is boosting restoration activities in the upstream area for additional habitat and more water, a lot of research money being given to upper basin fish issues.

Agency Perspective Panel on the Role of Science and Future Needs

NOAA (Jim Lecky)

NOAA is trying to move to ecosystem management instead of species management. Species of concern to NOAA: SONCC Coho, Chinook salmon, steelhead, green sturgeon, coastal pelagics, and ground fish. 

Need:

·        Basin wide abundance and trend data of juvenile and adult Coho need adult escapement data to monitor trends of abundance and trends in recovery.  Spatial structure and distribution of population, and year to year variation in Coho population dynamics---need for long-term monitoring and mechanisms to ID these trends and a commitment to ID these. 

·        Relationship between flow and population response is critical.  Mentioned some of the things NRC was critical of.  Need to figure out limiting factors and getting more fish in the system.  Not just a habitat and flow issues.  Disease is a major issue; need to investigate that and determine how flow factors in.  Coho rearing habitat; increase flow in spring would increase survival.  relationship between thermal refugia and increased flows; what is that relationship.  Coho smolt survival, fish health, Coho rearing habitat.

Basin wide water supply:  need to better forecast water years (Improved forecast).  Groundwater versus surface flow relationship in terms of impacts of pumping and land idling.  Tools for augmenting flows: water band, minimum instream flow requirements that have good sound support.

Science planning and review:

• Strategic science plan to guide implementation of top sciences and monitoring priorities.  Publication of key findings in the peer reviewed journals. 
• Science and monitoring comprehensively reviewed by external panel of experts every three years. 
• Independent science review panel will develop scientifically supported study designs as we move towards adaptive management (as per 2002 biop).

BOR (Michael Ryan)

Natural resource management issues need to be made based on science. Break things in to parts and go to work on the pieces.  Trinity River restoration issues: adaptive env assessment and management methodology used. 

Next Steps for science efforts:

• improve understanding of baseline conditions,
• development of field tested criteria with emphasis on anadromous fish for the Klamath river specific,
• development of models to ID limiting factors to fishery restoration and predict fish response to land, water and hatchery decisions. 

USFWS (John Engbring)

Reaffirmed strong commitment of DOI and USFWS to use science to make decisions.  Listed what DC and local level has done…committee to look at science and how it is used, and to look at peer review processes.  Locally, team developed of different people to get a broad perspective of science.  Future needs: all needs listed in binder are merited. 

Needs:

·        Juveniles now migrating out and they are dead or diseased in the middle portion of the river; need to know more about that disease in that part of the river.  Polycaete worm is prevalent in that part of the river and how the dams contribute to that disease.  We don’t know the hosts of those diseases. 

·        Mentioned research needs in NAS report.  Recommendation to reduce hatchery fish in IG that go into the river.  Thinks this would be a major shift in how the river is operated.  Effects of hatchery on wild and how they influence wild fish, genetics issue.  Ripe for study.

·        Mentioned relicensing process.  Host of studies suggested and some completed.  Need to gather info to make decisions on that relicensing.

·        Look at other species than salmon that merit attention; sturgeon, eulachon, prey of salmon.  Know little about lifecycles and status of species.  USFWS has been lobbied to list pacific lamprey and we need to know more about them. 

NCRWQCB (Bob Klamt)

Review of WQ strategy for California.  Clarified differences between state boards and regional board.  Board goals: implement actions to meet water quality objectives that protect beneficial uses.  Explained beneficial uses.  Listed WQ objectives that are based on beneficial uses: numeric and narrative.  Listed monitoring objectives.  Role of science in water quality control: development objective, monitoring and modeling.

Needs:

• temperature objective for salmonids: better info for local species in the Klamath basin (preferences, tolerances, optima)
• Nutrient objectives translators: a way to evaluate how excess nutrients changes aquatics resources.  Better understanding of relationship of nutrients to primary production in order to have consistent objectives.
• Improved and continued modeling of water quality through out the system: develop modeling capabilities and improved predictive abilities, improve understanding of how the biological community responds to changes, and continue to model the system to support scenario analysis. 
• More fully understand the complex interactions of flow, water temps, nutrients, and human activities through the system and the response of the aquatic biota, especially anadromous salmonids. 

CDFG (Don Koch)

Needs:

·        too fixated on individual species and certain parts of the river.  Need to look at habitat needs of native fish in the system and then understand what those needs are in the Klamath system.  Then build foundation for decision making based on good accurate science. 

·        Lacking a good habitat assessment of the basin (quantity and quality at diff flow regimes and env conditions for modeling). 

·        Monitoring: make sure to continue to use information being collected; but lacking b/c the system is put together with duct tape…development a comprehensive monitoring program for informed decisions based on long-term data.  Includes tribal governments and agencies to become foundation for our actions in the Klamath Basin. 

·        Important to think about economics.  Remember terrestrial species in the basin and how they benefit from agriculture so keep that local large-scale view of the system. 

ODEQ (Steve Kirk)

ODEQ sets water quality standards and uses them to list impaired water bodies within the Klamath basin and then determine TMDL (temp, pH, DO).  Also responsible for water quality cert 401 for hydro facilities, and facilitate TMDL process…agreement with Cali and EPA for development of TMDLs.  Currently engaged in that process. 

·        Upper basin science needs for water quality includes a water quality model linking lower and upper basin; it quantifies natural loads, anthropogenic impacts.  Want to use existing info as much as possible.  Anxious to see a model that has an over riding goal of quantifying impacts.  Need in water quality model is quantification of nutrient cycling in the river. 

Tribal Perspective Panel on Role of Science and Future Needs

Hoopa (George Kautsky)

Tribal chairman in 2000 signed an agreement to restore the Trinity with the Secretary of Interior.  Mentioned the record of decision and the need for things to be explored through the scientific method.  ROD is best course to river restoration b/c uses adaptive management based on the scientific method.  Mentioned the NRC report and how the ROD was mentioned b/c of the adaptive management process.  ROD might provide and example for the Lower Klamath and Klamath at large.   

·        Use ROD adaptive management methods in the Trinity River as a tool and guide for management of the rest of the river.

Karuk (Ron Reed)

Good science going on out there.  Biggest problem is the polarity of management processes that need to happen. 

·        Tribes need water for the fish and that issue is not quantified.  Need to figure out how to leverage management towards the Karuk Tribe. 

·        Factor in lower basin is the flow study that is not finalized.  For that to be a credible study, need to look at science and politics differences and keep those separate. 

·        Need flow down the river. 

·        Need to consider tribes needs in the same manner as the people in the upper basin. 

·        Need evapotranspiration studies to quantify what tributaries used to look like. 

·        Study what the well development is doing to the upper basin.

·        Look at upslope in the mid-Klamath b/c that is where the future of the basin is. 

Klamath Tribes (no speaker)

Yurok (Dave Hillemeier)

Water management problems: system over allocated and is managed by many parties.  Mentioned the tribe’s water rights and the Klamath project and what that legal obligation responsibility is.  Mentioned that that amount of water needed to be quantified and the Yuroks did a huge study to quantify that and studies continue to this day.  We have available science but it’s not being implemented, so nothing is being done to fulfill the tribal trust responsibility.  2002 biop is the only thing being considered and it is not good enough because it is an interim report.     

Needs:

·        Species should not have to get to the point of being listed to be considered. 

·        Use best avail science but it needs to be implemented and not put on the shelf.

·        Come to agreement on historic Klamath Basin hydrograph.  Transparent, collaborative effort.

·        Hardy Phase 2 needs to be completed.

·        Shasta and Scott: better understanding of water use and availability, water balance study for groundwater and surface flow relationship.

·        FERC process: complete modeling in upper basin to determine productive capacity of fish reintroduction the upper basin. 

·        Get a handle on fish pathology in the basin (especially juveniles and the parasites).

County and SH Perspectives (Doug Schleusner, moderator)

Siskiyou (Marsha Armstrong)

·        Need to quantify how groundwater development is intercepting springs that flow in the Shasta valley.

Needs identified for Shasta:

·        Model the relationship of flow to rearing habitat

·        Expand temperature/flow model and habitat/flow models to include all tributaries

·        Engineering and economic feasibly study for Klamath/Shasta water import project

Needs identified for Scott Valley:

·        Feasibility study for siting of off stream water storage of about seven to ten thousand acre feet

·        Study to determine impact of upland consumption by over stocked trees and junipers on stream flows

·        Coho habitat utilization study to determine when one plus leave the tributaries for the mainstem Scott connectivity barriers.

Needs identified for Salmon River:

·        Understand natural fire regime in the watershed

·        Understand harvest and hatchery effects on key life stages of Spring Chinook

·        Find out where Salmon River spring Chinook go in the ocean.

Additional Needs:

·        Locate where the fish are at various life stages and describe preferred habitat. 

·        Relationship of hydrology to areas of suitable habitat and it accessibility.

·        Study relationship of vegetation (upland and riparian) to alter flow regime.

Humboldt (Jill Geist)

·        Need to integrate the Trinity into the Klamath picture…operations and maintenance.

·        Need to connect the upper and lower basin efforts.  Acknowledge the basin as a whole; continue interactions.

·        Need to find ways to determine what we want to manage the system for and actually start doing something.

·        More responsiveness from the agencies to the county’s. 

·        Need to facilitate understanding of the science.

Trinity (Tom Stokely)

·        Need to pursue good science

·        Get around the politics and look at what the science is telling us.

·        Determine if the science really is science by examining it.

Del Norte (Chuck Blackburn)

·        Information from the past needs to be used, passed on, and shared as a contribution to science.

·        Need trust in the basin.

·        Flow control in the Trinity. Issues with the Klamath/Trinity need to be solved. 

·        People need to listen and look for win-win solutions.

Stakeholder Perspective

Klamath Water Users Assoc (Dan Keppen)

Recommended Calfed plan be used as a guide for the Klamath Basin; listed the 6 principles that guide this program. 

Needs:

·        Use applied research to pin point issues with sucker fish, recovery of UKL and an adaptive management plan to do that

·        Resolve dispute of fish disease and water temperature in lower Klamath river

·        Adaptive management approach to implement incentives for land owners to improve Coho habitat in Lower River. 

·        Need Science, water, coordinated restoration, equity and patience, money, leadership and a political climate.

·        Strong statement of leadership from feds and states regarding support for the CIP.

Task Force (John Engbring)

·        Need to unite the upper and lower basin

·        Need to be quicker at responding to issues (only meet 3 times per year)

·        More funding would be beneficial to restoration efforts.

Trinity River Adaptive Management (Arnold Whitridege)

·        Management changes need to be consistent with and based on sound science, but need to understand what that scientific understanding is.

·        Minimize political misunderstanding of science.

·        Need better interpretation or advertisement of scientific opinion

·        Greater efforts towards scientific agreement towards what we think we know and what the uncertainties mean. 

·        Communication of agreement on scientific opinion to beyond the scientific community (politicians, public, stakeholders).  Mechanism to improve public understanding

Klamath Basin Coalition (Tim McKay)

·        Look at upslope issues to sees how they affect water quality and thermal refugia.

·        Look at landscape level of refugia that used to exist in places like deep pools.

·        Look across the landscape at the distribution of riparian areas and how they have been affected. 

·        Ecosystem management approach.

·        Dams out to restore fish to the upper basin.

·        More water downstream for fish

Overview of the Basin and Fish Community (Mike Belchik, moderator)

Overview of the Physical Env, Hydrology, geomorph, and Water Quality (Mike Deas)

·        What role does restoration modification of upper basin conditions play in lower river conditions?

·        Regulated river affects aquatics system process would providing a more dynamic regime below IG ameliorate some of the water quality issues?  What would be the impacts of dame removal? 

·        Flow plays an important role (didn’t get all of this)

·        Broad based robust solutions requires a more comprehensive understanding of the inter relationships throughout the entire basin. 

Historical and Present Condition of Lower Klamath River Basin fish Community (Walt Duffy)

No needs identified

Status of pas and Ongoing Studies in the Klamath River (Moderator, Susan McBride)

Status of the Klamath River Comprehensive Flow Study with Respect to the 1998 Flow Study Scoping Document and History of Klamath River Flow Analyses and Recommendations (Mike Belchik)

·        A lot of flow studies going on and they all need to be part of the comprehensive flow study recommended by the TWG to the Task Force. Assess current data and ID data gaps, acquire priority needed data and fill identified data gaps, acquire predictive capability. 

Data management:

·        Digitize all data for a suitable database; still need to do this.  KRIS may or may not fill the needs. 

Hydrology:

·        Increase flow data collection on Shasta and Scott Rivers.  Still need help with funding to implement monitoring

·        Existing Klamath flow gauges need stable funding.

·        Tributary inflow needs to be quantified through hydrologic models for Shasta and Scott.  Still in progress.

·        Creating hydrodynamic model for mainstem in key areas at key times of year and that still needs to be done.

Water Quality:

• Compile existing data; complete but still not centralized
• Acquire predictive capability: is it available for other use? 
• Not complete for nutrient interactions and processes downstream

Microhabitat:

• Acquire on the ground field data and use to understand the relationship: mainstem done, unimpaired hydrology work still needs to be done in the mainstem but very little done in the Shasta and Scott.   

Geomorphology:

• Reconnaissance level studies for Shasta and Scott and those are not underway.

Biology recommendations:

• Not “gotten in the water in the Shasta and Scott”
• Recon level fish passage evaluation in the Shasta and Scott; not sure if this has been done. 
• Lamprey and sturgeon life stage history investigation; still needs funding.

Overall

·        Need more effort in Shasta and Scott

·        More funding

·        Level of uncertainty with flow studies needs to be understood. 

Suggested Studies:

·        Open up process to determine undepleted flows.

·        Seek further understanding of disease and effects on fish populations (why dying on Klam and not Trinity?)

·        Develop information such as EDT about reintroduction and hatchery practices to fish in the upper basin.

Past and Current Biological Studies (Out-migrant Studies, Coho Studies, Green Sturgeon, and other agencies studies (Dave Hillemeier)

·        Continual monitoring is needed to help estimate fall chinook runs down the road.

Monitoring Coho:

·        Monitoring of Coho smolts is more feasibly but can still be problematic

·        Monitoring of juveniles is possible.  Questions regarding some relationships.

Adult Spring Chinook:

·        Sport fishery is relatively unmonitored for adult spring Chinook and needs to be monitored.

Green Sturgeon and Lamprey are not monitored

·        Tribes would like to see green sturgeon and lamprey monitored.  Need info of what their abundance is over time.

Needs:

·        Continue adequate monitoring of fall Chinook…requires stable funding, also requires improved marking rates at IG

·        Attempt to monitor adult, juvenile and smolt Coho abundance within given watersheds so, trend info is avail, and survival estimates between life stages are avail for population modeling

·        Develop and implement monitoring strategies for non salmonids species

·        Fill data gaps for adult spring Chinook modeling and develop Coho reconstruction modeling for that species. 

Overview of water quality studies in the Klamath River Basin (David Leland)

Needs:

·        Single data repository needed

·        Continued and improved coordination in data gathering, QA/ QC, data management

·        Basic data on causal factors affecting state variables (factors affecting trib temps, factors controlling mainstem DO)

·        Additional modeling needed: add estuary, understanding aquatic community interactions with WQ, and pH.

·        Continue development of wq modeling capabilities and predictive abilities of these models

·        Better understanding of interactions between wq and aquatic communities

·        Linkages among water quality, flow, aquatic communities, and fish disease and mortality.

Trinity River Flow Study and Recommendations (Clair Stalnaker)

No needs identified.

Effects of the Summer 2003 Trinity River Pulse Flow on Lower Klamath River Water Quality (Paul Zedonis)

·        No adult mortality after 2003 pulse flow, but future should allow funds to study these things because there are a lot of factors to look at such as Klamath flows in 2003. 

·        Physical affects of pulse flow is known, but the missing link is tying the physical environment to the biota. 

·        Would have been nice to have done an adaptive approach rather than just sending the flows.  More funding avail to set up rigorous studies to see affects of flows on biota.

Disease Ecology in Populations of Wild Fish (Jim Winton)

·        Need to understand how historic activities (gold mining, mineral extractions) play into disease.

·        Effects documented on wild population levels (whirling disease)

·        Do increased flows increase the chance for recovering stocks from whirling disease?  Or what is the environmental factor playing in?

·        Important to know effects of flows, temps and contaminants on fish in the Klamath system.

Tuesday

Biological Investigations and Future Needs (Dennis Lynch, moderator)

The NRC Report; Lower Basin Findings and Recommendations (Peter Moyle)

Recommendations and Needs:

·        Figure out optimal flow regimes for species other than Coho before other spp get listed because improved flow will increase survival in other species.

·        Expand scope of actions under ESA: consult with all federal agencies, work with private land owners b/c key habitat is on private land.

·        Improve research and monitoring coordination: appoint recovery team, Adaptive Management, more emphasis on peer reviewed publication, ecosystem based management (klam and trinity together), create a calfed-like authority.

·        Take remediation measures: managing mainstem flows, restore flows to tribs.  Manage flows in mainstem and tribs for all species, manage tribs for cold water species

·        Improve watershed management: manage all forms of watershed abuse, reduce diversions as much as possible, public land management agencies should take the lead.

·        Dam removal or modification; IG, Dwinnell mainly. 

·        Re-operate IG and Trinity River fish hatcheries to see how hatchery fish interact with the wild fish. 

·        What happens to the Coho fry after they rear in the mainstem?  After June and July when conditions seem to turn pretty hostile for Coho.  What would increased spring flows do for Coho?

The IMST Report: Lower Basin Findings and Recommendations (Carl Schreck)

·        Lake stratification and stability ,

·        Interstate coordination and active negotiation processes are needed for the lake and river

·        OR and Ca work with the fed agencies and tribal managers to develop and integrated long term management program for the entire Klamath river basin

·        State consult with CA and tribes to collect relevant data for suckers

·        USFWS collaborate with CA and tribes to develop monitoring needs thorough out the entire year in the entire Klamath River.

·        OR collaborate with CA and tribes to develop and test a model that relates to management action of UKL suckers and the effects on the river

·        Determine common framework for appropriate instream flow in the mainstem, resolve debate about historical climate and stream flow.

·        Restore wetlands around UKL, recommends OR restores wetlands along streams and lakes within the Klamath basin

·        States, feds increase technical assistance to land owners

·        OR develop benchmarks for env conditions that represent periods of ecological risk

·        State policy ID areas of risk and uncertainty

·        OWRD Complete the ongoing adjudication process in the Klamath River basin.

·        Require active water resource management, but adjudication is crucial to complete before this

·        Tribs and springs of UKS should assess water quality and fish passage problems that potentially limit sucker recovery.

Anadromous Fish Habitat Utilization in the Lower Klamath Basin (Jim Simondet, moderator)

Estuarine Use by Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Mike Wallace)

·        Follow up Coho rearing in estuary with a marking study.

·        How does altering river flows change rearing patterns of juv in the Klamath and Trinity?

·        What course of surviving adult salmon actually have life history pattern of rearing in the estuary?

·        Interaction of hatchery and natural stocks interaction good or bad for the natural fish in the estuary?

·        Higher catches in august b/c of higher survival rate or is it delaying immigration timing of juveniles? 

The Use of radio telemetry to track Chinook salmon (Josh Strange)

Estuary hab extremely important

·        How much are the adult Chinook using these habitat units around the estuary, what is the effect of the salt wedge and how does it affect the fish.  Want to look at this in 2005 and looking for funding.

·        Thermal stress and migration delays are consequences.

·        Non lethal stress to ID consequences that aren’t obvious.  If fish delays refugia in the lower river, what are the consequences for spawning? 

·        Risk of a fish kill due to global warming increased? 

·        ID key areas and protect for other important life stages. 

·        Look more into what those fish were doing going up into blue Creek and what role disease played. 

Update on the Current Information on Green Sturgeon (Dave Hillemeier)

Minimal abundance information available for green sturgeon to assess population status.

life history, hab requirements unknown for green sturgeon.  Some efforts lately

how often do the sturgeon return to spawn and when do they do this.

When do the sturgeon go out of the fresh water and when do they return.

Needs:

·        Klamath pop abundance estimate

·        Ocean migratory behavior; how often do they wander into other estuarine environment and what proportion of pop comes into estuarine env each year?

·        How often do they return to spawn

·        What habitat do the eggs, larvae and juveniles use

·        Expand upon genetic analysis to determine pop structure and mixed stock fishery analysis

·        When do juvenile migrate to the ocean

·        Validation of age determination

Update on the Current Information on Lamprey (Toz Soto)

Lack of research funding for lamprey, lack of mitigation for habitat loss. 

Not enough information on impacts of flow manipulation and ramping and how if affects the ammocoetes in terms of stranding and entrainment.

Need to look at the out-migrant trapping data in the mainstem and tributaries as a tool to look at lamprey mortality.

Needs:

·        Genetic research is a major need

·        Adult and juvenile migration timing

·        Adult spawning distribution and preferred spawning habitat

·        Juvenile ammocoete distribution, abundance, and preferred rearing habitat

·        Juvenile metamorphosis timing; when and where and how long does it take the juvenile to transform into adults.

·        Lamprey research funding is needed. 

Observation of Juvenile Coho and Other Species in Thermal Refugia Areas of the Mainstem Klamath River (Ron Sutton)

·        Further investigate habitat to clarify which factors influenced the increase in Coho at the beaver creek site after the flow increase out of IGD. 

·        Test flows would show short term experimental flow, but regulated flows are beyond the researchers control.  Requires longer term study to determine reaction of each compounding variable. 

·        Better ID spatial and temporal distribution of fish and integrate it more

·        May take years of studies to understand affects of flow releases out of IGD.

·        Does increase in flow help the connectivity of habitat between the mainstem and the tributaries.  Do more work on connectivity issue but might require some 2D modeling to get a handle on hydrolics. 

Habitat Suitability Criteria and Habitat Use by Juvenile Salmonids in Mainstem Klamath River (Tom Shaw)

Needs:

·        Additional info is needed for young of year and yearling Coho habitat usage; difficult to find in the Klamath

·        Need a high flow event in the Klamath b/c of matted algae and old willow are aggregated with debris and not as usable by fry as habitat.  Need to prevent what is being seen on the Trinity on the Klamath.

Data Collection for Chinook Salmon Young of Year Production Model (SALMOD) (Sam Williamson)

Not present

Habitat and Population Modeling (Phil Detrich, moderator)

Field validation of habitat modeling in the lower Klamath river (Thom Hardy)

*Hab modeling results is a critical step to document the scientific defensibility of instream flow studies. 

·        How has riparian cover changed in the Klamath River over time/

Monitoring Techniques to Assess Small Salmonid Populations in the Lower Klamath (Hans Voight)

·        ESA listing and delisting process is data hungry…need adult data especially.  Recovery process needs data.    

·        Time series data from discrete life history phases is needed and hard to get.

Recommendations from NOAA Fisheries in 1999: Continued emphasis on estimates of juv abundance, estimation of adult abundance in selected streams, studies of the relationship between juv and adult abundance.

·        Need to Expand out Coho sampling frame in 2004.

·        How well does summer abundance in McGarby Creek tie into life stages in the mainstem Klamath?

·        Need to identify a protocol for identifying steelhead from non-steelhead species for population abundance information.  Hard part is identifying the cutthroat trout from the steelhead b/c of hybridization. 

NOAA SW Science Center Presentation on the Development of Viable Salmonid Population Parameters for Coho in the Klamath Basin (Tommy Williams)

Information needs for assessing viability of Coho salmon populations in the Klamath Basin

Critical data needs for Klamath Basin Coho salmon population viability assessment:

·        Within population: adult abundance and population trends, growth rates, spatial structure

·        Among pops: spatial structure of pops within the Klamath, dispersal among those pops in the Klamath Basin.

·        Hatchery: influences of hatchery fish on spawning groups.  If a pop is not replacing itself with wild fish, is it viable?  So, need viable estimates of affects of hatchery on wild fish.

·        Technical Recovery Team needs assistance from a large array of stakeholders

Critical data needs that TRT is looking for:

·        Abundance: estimate of number of fish in pop and trends in abundance, adult based estimates are most desirable.  Population growth rate: how well pops are performing and how well habitat occupies during the life cycle, over entire life cycle,

·        Population growth rates: estimates of a pops growth rate that indicate a pop is consistently failing to replace itself would suggest the population is not viable.  Low survival rates ant one part of the life cycle might not immediately answer the questions.

·        Spatial structure: dist of fish within a pop freshwater dist area, hab conditions are heterogeneous, a highly restated distribution of fish use or suit hab would pose a risk

·        Diversity: genetic, life history, diversity of hab allows for expressions of diversity of life history types. 

·        There is critical need for data concerning abundance, population growth rate, and spatial structure of pops.  Few data are avail.

·        Need to know how the ESU is viable and is built upon the viability of all of these populations. 

·        Spatial scale at which these data are collected is imp. 

·        Research, evaluate and monitoring needs to be able to address viability questions at eh population scale.  Monitoring approaches for CA pops of anadromous salmonids are being developed in a collaborative effort led by CDFG and NOAA.  With more data, comes for confidence in reducing level of uncertainty. 

Forecasting Chinook in the Klamath Basin: Models, Techniques, and Needs, Including Stock Recruitment Analysis, Cohort Reconstruction, Ocean Modeling, and Predictors (Michael Mohr)

Needs:

·        IGH to adopt a 25% constant fractional marking b/c statistically adequate and consistent precision, equivalent marking rates at IGH and trinity river hatchery, unambiguous interpretation through out the basin.  Scale back production if can’t reach 25%

·        Improve ocean preseason abundance forecast methodology b/c there is a lot of data to do something to prove that

·        Continue what’s being done with annual code wire tag releases and annual, basin-wide, adult monitoring.

Considerations of Salmonid Health in the Klamath Basin (Rip Shively, moderator)

Ceratomyxa Shasta Investigations (Scott Foot, Jerry Bartholomew)

Main Issues in the Basin:

·        C Shasta in juvenile Chinook in spring and summer (loss in chinook juv salmon is of great magnitude)

·        Columnaris in both juveniles and adults but mostly in adult spring run

·        Parvicapsula renal failure in juv Chinook due to infection in the kidney

·        Pancreatic dysfunction in juv out migrating smolts.

Needs:

·        Need robust methods to look at water samples and worm populations.

·        Need to learn ecological of alternate polychaete host for c Shasta and dynamics of actinospore infectivity in the Klamath River.  ID alternate host of parvicapsula minibicornis and determine if infection impairs performance in Chinook smolts.

·        Unknown disease factors: water temperature, nutrient load (affects rate of parasite replications), water flow (diff to separate out from effects of temperature)

·        Determine the ecological requirements of the polychaete host for c Shasta

·        Determine how temp flow and nutrients affect parasite levels and disease severity (increased exposure length or something out of balance)

·        Examine the resistance of Klamath river Chinook salmon to c Shasta

·        ID the alternate host for parvicapsula (parasite range almost directly overlays the range of c Shasta)

Causative Factors of the 2002 Fish Kill (Mike Belchik)

(George Guillen)

(Steve from CDFG)

Flow management will improve water conditions (temp, volume, fp)

Recommendations:

·        Unimpaired passage and migration cues

·        Constrictions at mouth

·        Temp tolerances and goals for anadromous fish and life stages in the river (fish may have adapted to higher temp regimes)

·        Model flows and temp relationship b/c regressions indicate that increasing flows help conditions in the estuary

·        Finalize hardy flow study and implement

·        Equal priority for fishery resources in the Klamath system when it comes to water use

Panel on 2002 fish kill:

·        Need to increase code wired tags at IGH to help in the event of another fish die off

·        Need good methods to measure and understand infectious stage in water column and worm before taking management actions

·        Why isn’t c. Shasta showing up in the tributaries and why aren’t fish being infected in the estuary?  What happens to those infected fish after they go up the tributaries?

·        Don’t focus on small things that you think you can tweak in the system.  A few cubic feet of water or a few degrees of temps should not be played around with.  Think about how to get the system back in balance (flows in the winter or spring to reduce polychaetes, for example)…holistic system and understanding of life stages. 

·        How effects of a mixture of stress factors combined can play a major role in increasing chance of exasperating infectious disease?

·        What flows are important for all life stages? 

·        Natural polycheate population in an unimpaired river is unknown, so it is unknown what level of effects are on wild fish and hatchery fish.

·        What were unimpaired flows and water quality like historically in order to have a fair estimate as to what the river was like? 

·        What types of studies and scientific information is needed to look at population level effects of lethal and sub lethal conditions that disease can be causing?    

Wednesday

Hydrological and Water Quantity Investigations, and Future Needs (Moderator, Dennis Lynch)

Presentations and Panel Discussion: Estimation of Past Hydrologic Conditions

Effects of the Klamath Project on Instream flow and Fishery Habitat (Barry Hecht)

·        Have to look at record to manage waters of the Klamath (written, traditional record and record we can infer from natural history)

·        Consider all fluctuations

·        Anticipate derivative effects: fish kills, increased flows of the early fall months due to decrease in lake storage, straightening of the streams and the practice of pre irrigating the fields of fall.  Need to search for more storage b/c a lot of the storage is underground and we need to understand its role in aquatic biology and then manage it. 

Undepleted Natural Flow of the Upper Klamath River (John Rasmussen)

Looking at what flows might have been in upper basin under pre-agricultural conditions.

Working on collecting more information on Sycan Marsh and Klamath Marsh to better assess these areas to help with a sensitivity analysis on the modeling results.  Also working on ground water information as another sensitivity analysis

Baseline hydrologic time series, allows to evaluate the water exchanges in the upper basin, allows determination of flow contributions at specified locations by accounting for changes to present day conditions

Panel Discussion:

·        Hardy: Need to understand what the unimpaired historical flows were in order to understand the between-year and in-year variability. 

·        Where is the water being diverted in the upper basin and is it accounted for at the gage or not to account for the amount being diverted and ultimately lost to the system. 

Modeling Water Budgets, Flow, and Water Quality (Dave Hillemeier, Moderator)

The KPSIM and MODSIM Models (Nancy Parker)

·        Use CALSIM as a platform for understanding the Klamath Basin

·        Water rights defined system; MODSIM has tremendous potential to respond to issues like that. 

·        Why CALSIM might work: responds easily to split time step thing, responds to need for flexibility (alternatives for off stream storage, ways to describe demands).  User defines the physical system and describes operating rules as constraints, focuses on what, not how, weights associated with flow, deliveries, and reservoir storage, linear programming solver finds a solution that maximizes.  Allocation approach to water supply, flexible river system definition. 

·        Problems with CALSIM: expensive, SH confidence must be built. 

·        Models need to follow the questions that are being asked, questions should not be limited by a modeling framework; needs a stakeholder perspective.  Klamath Basin is in need of a model that works like this. Schemes to prioritize allocation are needed for CALSIM. 

The Use of Hydrologic Modeling in the Development of Flow Recommendations (Thom Hardy)

GOAL of talk: Using hydrologic modeling to come up with flow recommendations

·        Need to focus on natural unimpaired flows to serve as a baseline to make informed flow recommendations

·        Habitat time series is ultimately where hydrology and instream flow recommendations need to go instead of just using the WUA to pick a peak and make a decision. 

·        Inter and intra annual variability can be incorporated using unimpaired flows to preserve conservation biology and genetic stressors

·        Hydrologic forecasting and or operations models of water resource systems can incorporate variable water year types that include within season adjustments

·        Need hydrology to assess instream flows

·        Urges flow forecasting and models that permit continual updating for hydro conditions throughout the year

·        Set goal, understand it, then overlay pragmatic decisions but don’t lose site of goal to ID long-term targets of implementation or conservation. 

Flow Models: Sources and Uses of Flow and Water Quality Data from Klamath Reservoirs and Rivers (Mike Deas)

Data needs and challenges:

Geometry (physical data- generally invariant), meteorological, flow, water temp, and water quality

·        Data are critical to all analyses and info that we rely on everyday. 

·        Have to determine what past data sets were collected for in order to determine if it is appropriate to use for a specific modeling purpose.

·        Limitations with meteorological data due to just starting collection in places in the basin other than Klamath Falls.

·        Diversion return flows lack data in rivers and reservoirs

·        Little data on tributary flow.

·        Lack of winter temp data due to 1997 washout and winter data in general

·        Lack of water quality data in rivers: minor trib parameters, return flow parameters

·        WQ reservoir data lack of: reservoir longitudinal profiles, time series of profiles, winter data is absent

·        WQ chemical data: river: lacking in minor trib parameter, return flow.  Reservoir: lack of grabs samples.

·        Lacking water quality biological data in both rivers and reservoirs. 

·        Continue all water quality programs to expand on knowledge base

·        Study objectives need to be identified before collecting data. 

·        Need to expand and maintain into areas where there are data gaps for well planned water quality monitoring programs

·        Need ten years of data

·        Unperceived need for a long term water quality monitoring program with accompanying short term studies to provide necessary detail

·        A long term program is requisite to identifying relationships between flow and aquatic ecosystem function over a wide range of conditions (hydrology)

Klamath, Shasta, Scott and Salmon TMDLs (Matt St. John)

·        Continued development of water quality modeling capabilities and predictive abilities.  Focus has been on hydrologic models, but remember that wq models are built on hydrologic models

·        Need improved understanding of primary biological response (benthic community) and secondary biological impacts (fish spawning and survival) associated with nutrient concentrations.  How nutrient concentrations affect benthic communities and in turn how those affect water quality conditions.’

·        Need for more info on surface water, ground water and hypoheic interactions, riparian shade measurements (tribs in particular)

·        Need fish life stage periodicity in these watersheds and associated wq conditions at various locations and times

·        Continued improvement in agency and stakeholder coordination in wq monitoring efforts and data management is needed.  Get data out to cooperators in a timely fashion and a central repository for data.  Work toward a 5 plus year monitoring plan…look toward the longer-term.

 Scott, Shasta and Salmon Rivers (Matt St. John, Moderator)

Hydrologic Characteristics of the Scott and Shasta Basins (Bill Bennett)

No needs identified

Shasta, Scott and Salmon River Coho Monitoring (Bill Chesney)

A lot of problems on the Shasta and Scott Rivers; good start to restoration efforts, but other areas that need to be looked at:

·        There seem to be correlations between flow changes and habitat changes and movement of zero plus Coho in the Klamath River which is not the best place for a zero plus Coho to be.  Needs to be looked at closer.

·        Need to look at land practices in the tribs and work with those land owners whose practices are having a negative effect on water quality and habitat.  Take care of refugial areas to get fish back up into those productive areas.

·        Determine and deliver the flows need to maintain juv rearing hab

·        Maintain quality of spring water and tribs by fencing planning riparian vegetation to improve rearing habitat.

Shasta/Scott Pilot Recovery Plan Study Recommendations (Craig Martz)

Recommendations for recovery team for Coho recovery.

·        Flow Management: Manage flows in the Scott and Shasta before events such as the county fair so that not everyone is diverting water at the same time.

·        Habitat information would be extremely useful in the Shasta and Scott Basins

·        Improve habitat complexities in pools and rearing habitat to produce more juv Coho.

·        Improving channel structure and function: evaluate channel morphology, reconnect flood plain where feasible.

·        Tailing restoration work for more natural stream channel going through for fish passage and habitat.

·        Remove barriers to fish passage.

·        Better water efficiency

·        Protect Coho and Coho habitat from adverse agricultural activities.

·        Protect riparian corridors

·        Fish rescue program

·        Better diversion methods

·        Habitat monitoring and population monitoring by documenting current distribution of Coho in the Scott and Shasta Rivers

·        Education and outreach so that people can take actions that benefit Coho.

Klamath Hydroelectric Project Relicensing: Science in Hand, Science Still Needed and Panel Discussion (Chuck Hennig, Moderator)

Water Quality in the Klamath Basin (Scott Wells)

Remember that managing and process driven models go hand in hand

·        Bigger hammers, UKL inflow, Klamath straits drain, nutrients and organic matter…b/c they have affects below Iron Gate Reservoir

·        Potential hammers, SOD in Lake Ewauna keno stretch,

·        Other factors: periphyton/epiphyton nutrient growth dynamics in river sections

·        Need a travel time analysis in the river sections and shading analysis in the lower river.

·        Peer review team needed to work with the agencies to answer and resolve questions early on in the process.

Using Modeling to Aid in Decision Making for Klamath River Anadromous Salmon Reintroduction and Restoration (Scott Snedaker)

Document and support and analysis for the potential to reintroduce anadromous salmon into the Upper Klamath in the FERC EIS.  Habitat and facilities for reintroduction

·        Adult, juv and smolt disease info is needed for KlamRAS

·        Need a better understanding of disasters and die-offs.

Modeling work still needed:

·        Attribute rating of EDT for project reaches remains incomplete; can’t be correctly interpreted for decision making or input to KlamRAS

·        WQ modeling is incomplete; temp likely play a critical role in capacity/ productivity estimates

·        Upper basin mileage has not been incorporated into habitat modeling;

·        Significant data gaps exist; survival and passage efficacy at the project facilities, stocks for reintroduction (would need experts as well as both CA and OR to look at this)?  Hatchery management planning, disease risk assessment

·        Critical refuge habitats haven’t’ been adequately addressed in the EDT modeling structure; spring, seeps, and other cold water input need to be addressed in the context of how fish would use them

·        All EDT outputs need to be reported; limiting factors or benefits for restoration so can’t do an assessment of limiting factors out there

·        Only structured for fall Chinook; need other life histories and species

·        Run KlamRAS;

·        Modeling alternative project scenarios; trap and haul scenarios, removal scenarios

·        Many supporting studies are still incomplete

DOI Agency Needs (David Diamond)

In order to take advantage of the relicensing it is the stakeholders responsibility, basin-wide, to let FERC know of the importance of the holistic basin-wide.

·        Project operations modeling

·        Fish assessment surveys

·        Fish passage evaluation

·        Developing habitat in stream flow relationship

·        ID the effects of peaking and ramping

·        Assessing hatchery performance

John Hamilton (USFWS)

·        Need additional information on historical fish distribution in the Klamath Basin is needed (mostly upstream).

Steve Edmondson (NOAA Fisheries)

·        Need information on historic distribution of Coho and future distribution of Coho based on dam removal.

Todd Olson (PacifiCorp)

No needs identified

California Energy commission perspective on the Klamath Basin Hydropower Issues (Jim McKinney)

·        Need a more detailed project specific energy study during relicensing

Info needed by SWRCB (Russ Kanz)

·        What is impact of spring temps to smolt development in the spring? 

·        Improved water quality modeling: needs additional calibration and testing before used for high confidence in decision making.

·        Look at a full range of alternatives to avoid or mitigate for impacts to anadromous fish.  Need to understand how project affect fish below IG and the inundation of hab and loss of habitat due to the project.

·        Need to look at decommissioning b/c impacts of projects are unmitigable. 

Ronnie Pierce

·        Does the best use of the aquatic resources of the Klamath River outweigh those derived from the limited power production?

·        Fish passage, fish health, dam removal, socioeconomic analysis of those alternatives

·        Continue to work on water quality modeling work particular to the SLOM alternatives

·        Continued work on EDT and klamRAS for multi species fish passage scenarios

·        More than a high level analysis of socioeconomics effects of dam removal

Removal of Klamath Dams (Steve Rothert)

Studies needed related to dam removal:

·        Reservoir sediment toxicity, size

·        Short term suspended sediment impacts

·        Mitigation and restoration needs

·        Long term water quality implications

·        Socioeconomics

Relicensing Panel

·        Incorporate fall run Chinook historical distribution into the study by NOAA fisheries (Steve Edmondson)

·        Look at impact of sediment release from dam removal all the way down to the estuary.

·        Issue of tribal trust responsibility of the federal agencies to make certain determination about the river (beneficial uses).

·        Beneficial uses of the tribal people needs to be addressed by the state water board

·        PacifiCorp needs to be more proactive in working with the agencies in determining appropriate stocks for upstream reintroduction

·        Klamath stakeholders need to provide any study information they fell would be informative to the relicensing process (submit as comments to FERC)

 Integration, Synthesis, and Discussion (Irma Lagomarsino, moderator)

Overview of the Conservation Implementation Program (CIP) (Christine Karas)

Stakeholder input to the CIP is extremely valuable and continued input is essential

Basin-wide plan to solve fishery and water issues in the Klamath River Basin

Reviewed the goals of the CIP: improve status of ESA listed species with an emphasis on other declining species

Coordinated efforts to get the CIP going with the Bureau being the administrator.

Series of public meetings in September and October 2004 with a goal for individuals to share their desired future conditions

Peer reviewed process throughout the program with stakeholder goals driving the program.

Balancing the need for including all of these interested groups throughout the entire basin

Independent Reviewer Perspectives Panel

John Williams:

·        Need life cycling modeling context to understand impacts of different life stages of fish and how that relates to population growth rates.  Get a sense of if actions choose to take might make a difference in how return rates will be.

·        Hatcheries: where do they fit into the lifecycle model?  Need to understand hatchery and wild fish interactions. 

·        Harvest: don’t know much about the harvest…a lot of mixed stock harvest; what is the harvest rate of the hatchery fish and the impact on the wild fish.  High hatchery marking rates are needed to understand the impacts.  Need 100% marking rate to get a true answer to critical questions

·        Hydropower: lack of flow out of Trinity River is surprising; need to know about those historic flows b/c they seemed to play an important role in flushing out pools in deep gravel and maintaining thermal refugial areas.

·        Ocean Conditions:

·        Natural variability is an important issue to look at in the recovery of fish.  Variability needs to be considered in all uses of the Klamath basin.  For example, releasing less hatchery fish in the event of a dry water year.

Jim Peterson:

·        Continue to collaborate and have conferences, especially a basin-wide conference including the upper and lower basin.

·        Continue disease work to explore questions raised here at the conference; c. Shasta field and lab work to limit magnitude of that infection and degree of mortality caused by that parasite

·        Collect more information on sub lethal effects of the infections discussed on how those affect growth rates

·        More exploration on dam removal.  klamRAS and stage specific models used to explore impacts of dam removal or incremental dam removal.  To get better idea of potential benefits of removing some or all of the dams in the system

·        Bioenergetics and trophic relationships: how temp affects bioenergetics processes and feeding rates in the system. 

·        Study on predation – prey and competition, food availability. 

·        Life cycle model: explore the bioenergetics models to look at the effects of variable temp and food over time on the growth rates of fish and mortality of fish. 

·        Collect more information on over winter conditions (survival and behavior of fish over winter)

·        Integrate at various scales information on climate change and climate regime shifts.  Might integrate Klamath models that predict over a period of time to look at what the precipitation or snow levels might be within the basin and then how will those influence flows in the system.  Then how do these river models feed into stage specific models to get an idea of the range of conditions in the future. 

Reg Reisenbichler:

·        Continue efforts to assess historical conditions of the river and watershed and reestablish temp, flow to have a solid background to preserve the natural biological community.

·        Continue with ecosystem approach to solving problems.

·        Reestablish geomorphic channel formation.

·        Improved knowledge of abundance, seasonal distribution, and growth rates of salmonids and other species

·        Quantitative life cycle modeling to ID vulnerable parts of life histories.

·        More studies on c. Shasta and the role of multiple stressors that cause epizootics.

·        Compare and contrast what is happening on the Rogue River. 

·        Hatcheries: test hypo that hatchery fish contribute to wild population problems in the basin; genetic change is a problem, so critical to know how many hatchery fish spawn naturally with wild fish.  Encourage marking of hatchery fish and appropriate spawning surveys to determine extent of interbreeding. 

·        Competition of hatchery and wild fish.  Adults crowding into thermal refuges; might want to release fewer hatchery fish and mark all of them to reduce incidents of mass mortalities.  A lot of juveniles can hurt the survival.  Reduce time of hatchery resident juv in the river.  Look at NAS recommendation to use hatchery fish for management testing to explore questions like volitional releases. 

Stuart Rounds:

·        Strive to understand the system and most important processes

·        Incremental improvement of tools to understand the system

·        WQ Data:

• Paraphyte surveys are critical to understand what’s driving WQ processes in tribs and middle portion of the river.  Drive DO and pH cycles.  Understand abundance, types of paraphyte, production and respiration roots. 
• Collect info on rooted aquatic plants in the Shasta system and other places where they are important
• Need to characterize inflows into Upper Klamath Lake b/c wq is driven by what is imported into the system. 
• Types and abundances of phytoplanktons in the reservoirs to help create better models
• Take sediment cores for dam removal studies.
• Continue collecting basic water quality data as well as continuing monitoring.

·        WQ Models:

• Develop an accurate flow and water temp model to help assess relationship between flow and water temp.  Might be a threshold temp for upstream migration of anadromous salmonids and a model like that would help assess that.  SIAM model is not the model you want to use to find accurate temp predictions.  Need a model that looks at shorter time scales and Mike Deas’ model seems like a good thing to grow on.
• A full wq model for the entire system would be helpful, but need to take the time and make the investment to make the model as accurate as possible.  Attached algae seem to be a huge driver in the system and it is a difficult thing to model and there is not a lot of data available to calibrate a model.
• Fully calibrated wq model reasonable expectations: insight into processes and understanding for example the paraphyte community, but if you try to use it to determine what the wq would be like if a series of dams were removed, it is a very diff thing to do with this model.  Need to have understanding of the uncertainty that revolves around trying to model wq of a dam removal scenario.
• Peer review panel to track wq modeling in the basin would be useful b/c it allows for a more robust, accurate model in the end.

Larry Brown:

·        Calfed was mentioned as a possible model for the Klamath Basin, the CIP sounds like a similar and good process.

·        Look at the system as a whole

·        Stressed the importance of understanding the affects of actions on other species, such as terrestrial species (birds, snakes, turtles).  Need to be aware of what other researchers are doing in order to work together. 

·        Paraphytes aren’t just a wq problem; it’s a food web problem that needs to be understood.

·        Be cautious of obvious solution to the problem.  Restoration practices need to be studied and examined extensively to understand consequences of possibly making things worse. 

·        Calfed as a model for the Klamath: might want to have a lead scientist for a Klamath Basin program to emphasis the need for good science and to organize what each individual science group is doing.  Calfed has it’s own budget and allows for a lot of different program such as data interpretation, research. 

Walt Duffy:

·        Look at system as a whole.  Important driver is the upper basin nutrient loading.  Another important driver is the estuary and the fish use of all of the entire system.  Look at the estuary use closer b/c it plays and important cold water role. 

·        Understand nutrient cycling and parasite role.  Important for the long term.

·        Short term, there is an opportunity to undertake an adaptive management experiment using Trinity Reservoir water.  Need to set up an experiment where sometimes there is water released and some years there isn’t to understand how the fish react.

·        Understand the migration of juv and smolts moving down the system and the pelts moving up the system to spawn (time, energetics of the process).  Make use of technologies that are being developed for data collection and tracking.

·        Electro monogram tags should be added to Josh Strange’s study to monitor fish heart rates. 

·        Monitoring: guided by objectives, consistent methodology, expand to other species, validate restoration actions to measure if large investments are paying off (restoration monitoring needs to be scaled up)

·        Do research to focus on casual mechanisms and processes and people need to cooperate with data exchange

·        Need a central repository for data (data management)

·        Establish metadata standards as a group to understand how data was collected

·        Need to bolster peer review process to provide quality control…possibly an interdisciplinary science oversight group and possibly for near-term, establish an electronic journal. 

Questions to the panel:

·        Temperature manipulation in some of the modeling to try to find the optimal temperature for various species.

·        Effects of hatchery fish on wild fish study suggestions:

• Build on bioenergetics model to look at competition to see how the fish are maxing out, set up cage competition studies. 
• Large scale adaptive management studies such as NRC study suggested.  Systems like the Klamath and Trinity need to be correlated as a key element of the feasibility of that kind of study.  Must be an extreme study (shutting off and turning off the hatcheries).  Rogue might be correlated well enough to what is happening in the Klamath.
• When not marking 100% of the hatchery fish, verify the effect of marking on the survival of the fish.  Without that, if there is significant mortality, not quantifying what is happening to the hatchery fish.
• Minimize residence time of juvenile and adult hatchery fish. 
• Genetics issues: study domestication or loss of fitness for natural rearing, might defer those studies to a two-stage approach; by marking a lot of hatchery fish to see if they are inter-breeding. 
• Consider looking at different stages of survival of wild fish through parts of the system to understand what happens if there are more hatchery fish in the system (use pit tags). 
• Study overall apparent changes of adult return rates from the ocean (modeling exercise has shown strong correlations).
• Potential competition of density affects of hatchery fish could be looked at in the estuary

·        Application of otilis for tracking fish: document how long the fish are spending in certain areas as well as how much they are growing.  Might allow separation of hatchery and wild fish as well.

·        Fish reintroduction into the upper basin comment:

• Need to look hard at habitat conditions in the upper basin for production suitability assessment, might want to restore upper populations between copco and UKL first.
• In terms of selecting the best stock; it has be within the ESU (Salmon and trinity pops, possibly Rogue). 
• Experimental releases of different stocks might be a good idea.  Need to make sure releasing fish into good habitat for whatever species it is. 
• Need to have geneticists look at those stocks and separate them out.

·        Independent Science Advisory Board in the Columbia Basin: provides a good outside review of products that are produced.  Ongoing review process for every product produced.  Helps to get buy-in from the larger community.  Serves as a peer review panel, but they need to be grounded from time to time.

·        Need to prioritize what problems need to be taken care of first.

Bill Bettenberg’s Closing Remarks

·        Develop high levels of confidence in the results, consistently for policy makers.

·        Experiment and test the system for robust results

·        Groundwater interface needs to be included in run-off models

·        All parties need to understand the difficulty of the water availability issues.

·        Continue to act in the basin and continue coordinated effort to work towards more information

·        Oregon adjudication needs to be completed

·        Remember socioeconomic issues throughout the basin

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